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㊦ どう ←

→㊦が(1)

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Particle

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A particle that indicates the direction toward which some directional movement or action proceeds.	To; towards
【Related Expression: まで; に4; に7】

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Key Sentences

(ks). 私は先週京都へ旅行に行った・行きました。

I went on a trip to Kyoto last week.

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Examples

(a). 私は札幌のうちへ飛行機で帰った。

I went back home to Sapporo by plane.

(b). 地震だったのでいそいで外へ出た。

It was an earthquake, so I went outside quickly.

(c). 父へ手紙を出したが、まだ返事が来ない。

I sent a letter to my father, but his reply has not come yet.

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Notes

【Related Expressions】

I. The particles へ, まで, and に7 focus on direction, course (up to ~), and point of contact, respectively. Thus,

[1]

• はるばる東京まで/?に/?へ来た。
• I came all the way to Tokyo.

[2]

• 東京に/へ/*まで十二時に着いた。
• I arrived in Tokyo at 12:00 o'clock.

[3]

• ニューヨークへ/まで/*にの便はもうありません。
• There isn't any flight to/as far as New York any more.

[4]

• ここまで/*へ/*にの道は悪かったでしょう。
• Your way here must have been rough.

In actuality, native speakers use へ and に7 (of point of contact) almost interchangeably except in the case of [3] (i.e., に cannot be followed by の).

II. Even the に4 of direct contact meaning 'into; onto' can be replaced by へ as in:

[5]

• お風呂に/へ入った。
• Literally: I entered into a bath. (= I took a bath.)

[6]

• 机の上に/へ乗った。
• I got onto the table.

[7]

• 黒板に/へ漢字を書いた。
• I wrote kanji on the blackboard.

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㊦ どう ←

→㊦が(1)

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